Abbott RD, Ando F, Masaki KH, et al. Dietary magnesium intake and the future risk of coronary heart disease (the Honolulu Heart Program). Am J Cardiol. 2003;92(6):665-9.
Abrams J. C-reactive protein, inflammation, and coronary risk: an update. Cardiol Clin. 2003;21(3):327-31.
Ackermann RT, Mulrow CD, Ramirez G, Gardner CD, Morbidoni L, Lawrence VA. Garlic shows promise for improving some cardiovascular risk factors. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:813-24.
Alissa EM, Bahijri SM, Ferns GA. The controversy surrounding selenium and cardiovascular disease: a review of the evidence. Med Sci Monit. 2003;9(1):RA9-18.
Anderson TJ. Nitric oxide, atherosclerosis and the clinical relevance of endothelial dysfunction. Heart Fail Rev. 2003;8(1):71-86.
Angerer P, von Schacky C. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the cardiovascular system. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2000;11(1):57-63.
Antoniades C, Tousoulis D, Tentolouris C, Toutouzas P, Stefanadis. Oxidative stress, antioxidant vitamins, and atherosclerosis. From basic research to clinical practice. Herz. 2003;28(7):628-38.
Arnow WS. C-reactive protein. Should it be considered a coronary risk factor? Geriatrics. 2003;58(5):19-22,25.
Atar S, Barbagelata A, Birnbaum Y. Electrocardiographic Diagnosis of ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction. Cardiology Clinics. 2006;24(3).
Bahrke MS, Morgan WR. Evaluation of the ergogenic properties of ginseng: an update. Sports Med. 2000;29(2):113-33.
Berman LF, Blumenthal J, Burg M, et al. Effects of treating depression and low perceived social support on clinical events after myocardial infacrction: the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2003;289(23):3106-16.
Bjork Petersen C, Bauman A, Gronbaek M, Wulff Helge J, Thysgesen LC, Tolstrup JS. Total sitting time and risk of myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality in a prospective cohort of Danish adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2014; 11:13.
Blake GJ. Inflammatory biomarkers of the patient with myocardial insufficiency. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2003;9(5):369-74.
Boateng S, Sanborn T. Acute myocardial infarction. Disease-a-month. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2013;59(3).
Boden R, Molin E, Jernberg T, Kieler H, Lindahl B, Sundstrom J. Higher mortality after myocardial infarction in patients with severe mental illness: a nationwide cohort study. J Intern Med. 2015;277(6):727-36.
Brondum-Jacobsen P, Benn M, Jensen GB, Nordestgaard BG. 25-hydroxyvitamin d levels and risk of ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and early death: populationbased study and meta-analyses of 18 and 17 studies. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012;32(11):2794-802.
Bucher HC, Hengstler P, Schindler C, et al. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med. 2002;112:298-304.
Buckley MS, Goff AD, Knapp, WE. Fish oil interaction with warfarin. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38(1):50-52.
Carney RM, Blumenthal JA, Catellier D, et al. Depression as a risk factor for mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92(11):1277-81.
Chan MM, Mattiacci JA, Hwang HS, Shah A, Fong D. Synergy between ethanol and grape polyphenols, quercetin, and resveratrol, in the inhibition of the inducible nitric oxide synthase pathway. Bio Pharm. 2000;60(10):1539-48.
Cheung MC, Zhao XQ, Chait A, Albers JJ, Brown BG. Antioxidant supplements block the response of HDL to simvastatin-niacin therapy in patients with coronary heart disease and low HDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21(8):1320-6.
Elgharib N, Chi DS, Younis W, Wehbe S, Krishnaswamy G. C-reactive protein as a novel biomarker. Reactant can flag atherosclerosis and help predict cardiac events. Postgrad Med. 2003;114(6):39-44; quiz 16.
Erbs S, Gielen S, Linke A, et al. Improvement of peripheral endothelial dysfunction by acute vitamin C application: different effects in patients with coronary artery disease, ischemic, and dilated cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J. 2003;146(2):280-5.
Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285(19):2486-97.
Fatty fish consumption and ischemic heart disease mortality in older adults: The cardiovascular heart study. Presented at the American Heart Association's 41st annual conference on cardiovascular disease epidemiology and prevention. AHA. 2001.
Fedacko J, Pella D, Mechírová V, Horvath P, Rybár R, Varjassyová P, Vargová V. n-3 PUFAs-From dietary supplements to medicines. Pathophysiology. 2007 Oct;14(2):127-32.
Ferri: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2016. 1st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2016.
Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F. Depression - a cardiac risk factor in search of a treatment. JAMA. 2003;289(23):3171-3.
Fugh-Berman A. Herbs and dietary supplements in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Prev Cardiology. 2000;3:24-32.
Fung TT, Hu FB. Plant-based diets: what should be on the plate? Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78(3):357-8.
Galan P, Kesse-Guyot E, Czernichow S, Briancon S, Blacher J, Hercberg S; SU.FOL.OM3 Collaborative Group. Effects of B vitamins and omega 3 fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases: a randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;341:c6273. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c6273.
Geelen A, Brouwer IA, Schouten EG et al. Effects of n-3 fatty acids from fish on premature ventricular complexes and heart rate in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81:416-20.
Geleijnse JM, de Goede J, Brouwer IA. Alpha-linolenic acid: is it essential to cardiovascular health? Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2010;12(6):359-67.
Geleijnse JM, Giltay EJ, Schouten EG, de Goede J, Oude Griep LM, Teitsma-Jansen AM, Katan MB, Kromhout D; Alpha Omega Trial Group. Effect of low doses of n-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases in 4,837 post-myocardial infarction patients: design and baseline characteristics of the Alpha Omega Trial. Am Heart J. 2010;159(4):539-46.e2.
Geleijnse JM, Launer LJ, Van der Kuip DA, Hofman A, Witteman JC. Inverse association of tea and flavonoid intakes with incident myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(5):880-6.
Gotto AM. Antioxidants, statins, and atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(7);1205-10.
Grant PJ. The genetics of atherothrombotic disorders: a clinician's view. J Thromb Haemost. 2003;1(7):1381-90.
Gulliksson M, Burell G, Vessby B, Lundin L, Toss H, Svärdsudd K. Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy vs standard treatment to prevent recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease: Secondary Prevention in Uppsala Primary Health Care project (SUPRIM). Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(2):134-40.
Guo H, Lee JD, Ueda T, Cheng J, Shan J, Wang J. Hyperhomocysteinaemia and folic acid supplementation in patients with high risk of coronary artery disease. Indian J Med Res. 2004;119:33-37.
Guo H, Lee JD, Ueda T, Shan J, Wang J. Plasma homocysteine levels in patients with early coronary artery stenosis and high risk factors. Jpn Heart J. 2003;44(6):865-71.
Hak AE, Stampfer MJ, Campos H, Sesso HD, Gaziano JM, Willett W, Manson J. Plasma carotenoids and tocopherols and risk of myocardial infarction in a low-risk population of US male physicians. Circulation. 2003;108(7):802-7.
Hamilton KL. Antioxidants and cardioprotection. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Sep;39(9):1544-53. Review.
Harper CR, Jacobson TA. The fats of life: the role of omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(18):2185-92.
Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9326):23-33.
Heck AM, DeWitt BA, Lukes AL. Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2000;57(13):1221-7.
Heinecke JW. Clinical trials of vitamin E in coronary artery disease: is it time to reconsider the low-density lipoprotein oxidation hypothesis? Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2003;5(2):83-87.
Hernandez-Reif M, Field T, Krasnegor J, Theakston H, Hossain Z, Burman I. High blood pressure and associated symptoms were reduced by massage therapy. J Bodywork Movement Ther. 2000;4:31-38
Higgins JP. Chlamydia pneumoniae and coronary artery disease: the antibiotic trials. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003;78(3):321-32.
Houston MC. Treatment of hypertension with nutraceuticals, vitamins, antioxidants and minerals. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2007 Jul;5(4):681-91.
Hu J, Zhang W, Xie Y, Wang LX, Nie XL, Zhang YL. Meta-analysis of Shenmai injection treatment for acute myocardial infarction. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2012;37(18):2760-7.
Klevay LM, Milne DB. Low dietary magnesium increases supraventricular ectopy. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(3):550-4.
Koenig W. Inflammation and coronary heart disease: an overview. Cardiol Rev. 2001;9(1):31-35.
Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, Appel LJ, Daniels SR, Deckelbaum RJ, et al. AHA Scientific Statement: AHA dietary guidelines revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutrition committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2000;102(18):2284-99.
Kris-Etherton P, Eckel RH, Howard BV, St. Jeor S, Bazzare TL. AHA science advisory: Lyon diet heart study. Benefits of a Mediterranean-style, National Cholesterol Education Program/American Heart Association Step I dietary pattern on cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2001;103:1823-5.
Kromhout D, Giltay EJ, Geleijnse JM; Alpha Omega Trail Group. n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular events after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(21):2015-26.
Kurono Y, Egawa M, Yano T, Shimoo K. The effect of acupuncture on the coronary arteries as evaluated by coronary angiography: a preliminary report. Am J Chin Med. 2002;30(2-3):387-96.
Lee BJ, Lin PT< Liaw YP, Chang SJ, Cheng CH, Huang YC. Homocysteine and risk of coronary arter disease: Folate is the important determinant of plasma homocysteine concentration. Nutrition. 2003;19(7-8):577-83.
Lefevre M, Kris-Etherton PM, Zhao G, Tracy RP. Dietary fatty acids, hemostasis, and cardiovascular disease risk. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104(3):410-9, quiz 492.
Liem A, Reynierse-Buitenwerf GH, Zwinderman AH, Jukema JW, van Veldhuisen DJ. Secondary prevention with folic acid: effects on clinical outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(12):2105-13.
Linton MF, Fazio S; National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)-the third Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III). Am J Cardiol. 2003;92(1A):19i-26i.
Little D. An intervention to treat depression and increase social support did not prolong event-free survival in coronary heart disease. ACP J Club. 2004;140(1):8.
Lonn E, Yusuf S, Hoogwerf B, et al. Effects of vitamin E on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in high-risk patienst with diabetes: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(11):1919-27.
Loy MH, Rivlin RS. Garlic and cardiovascular disease. Nutr Clin Care. 2000;3(3):146-51.
Marcovina SM, Koschinsky ML, Albers JJ, Skarlatos S. Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop on Lipoprotein (a) and Cardiovascular Disease: recent advances and future directions. Clin Chem. 2003;49(11):1785-96.
Matetzky S, Freimark DD, Ben-Ami S, et al. Association of elevated homocysteine levels with a higher risk of recurrent coronary events and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(16):1933-7.
McKenna DJ, Hughes K, Jones K. Green tea monograph. Alt Ther. 2000;6(3):61-84.
Mendes de Leon CF, Dilillo V, Czajkowski S, et al. Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease (ENRICHD) Pilot Study. Psychosocial characteristics after acute myocardial infarction: the ENRICHD pilot study. Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2001;21(6):353-62.
Merry AH, Boer JM, Schouten LJ, Feskens EJ, Verschuren WM, Gorgels AP, van den Brandt PA. Smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and family history and the risks of acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina pectoris: a prospective cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2011;11:13.
Meydani M. Omega-3 fatty acids alter soluble markers of endothelial function in coronary heart disease patients. Nutr Rev. 2000;58(2 pt 1):56-59.
Milani RV, Lavie CJ, Mehra MR. Reduction in C-reactive protein through cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(6):1056-61.
Miura Y, Chiba T, Tomita I, et al. Tea catechins prevent the development of atherosclerosis in apoprotein E-deficient mice. J Nutr. 2001;131(1):27-32.
Meagher EA. Treatment of atherosclerosis in the new millennium: is there a role for vitamin E? Prev Cardiol. 2003;6(2):85-90.
Muhlestein JB, Anderson JL. Chronic infection and coronary artery disease. Cardiol Clin. 2003;21(3):333-62.
Naghavi M, Libby P, Falk E, et al. From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies: Part II. Circulation. 2003;108(15):1772-8.
Negri E, La Vecchia C, Pelucchi C, Bertuzzi M, Tavani A. Fiber intake and risk of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57(3):464-70.
Osganian SK, Stampfer MJ, Rimm E, Spiegelman D, Manson JE, Willet WC. Dietary carotenoids and risk of coronary artery disease in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77(6):1390-9.
Possel P, Mitchell AM, Ronkainen K, Kaplan GA, Kauhanen J, Valtonen M. Do depressive symptoms predict the incidence of myocardial infarction independent of hopelessness? J Health Psychol. 2015;20(1):60-8.
Price JR. Treating low perceived social support and depression after myocardial infarction does not increase event-free survival. Evid Based Ment Health. 2004;7(1):22.
Rahman K. Historical perspective on garlic and cardiovascular disease. J Nutr. 2001;131(3s):977S-9S.
Rakel & Bope: Conn's Current Therapy 2009. 1st ed. Phliladelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2008.
Rauch B, Schiele R, Schneider S, Diller F, Victor N, Gohlke H, Gottwik M, Steinbeck G, Del Castillo U, Sack R, Worth H, Katus H, Spitzer W, Sabin G, Senges J; OMEGA Study Group. OMEGA, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to test the effect of highly purified omega-3 fatty acids on top of modern guideline-adjusted therapy after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2010;122(21):2152-9.
Reed J. Cranberry flavonoids, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2002;42(3 Suppl):301-16.
Research update: the benefits of folate. Johns Hopkins Med Lett Health After 50. 2007 Aug;19(6):6.
Rigelsky JM, Sweet BV. Hawthorn: pharmacology and therapeutic uses. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2002;59(5):417-22.
Rodriguez-Porcel M, Lerman LO, Herrmann J, Sawamura T, Napoli C, Lerman A. Hypercholesterolemia and hypertension have synergistic deleterious effects on coronary endothelial function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23(5):885-91.
Roe E, Nunez I, Perez-Heras A, et al. A walnut diet improves endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic subjects.Circulation. 2004;109(13):1609-14.
Rosenson RS, Koenig W. Utility of inflammatory markers in the management of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92(1A):10i-18i.
Rotblatt M, Ziment I. Evidence-Based Herbal Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Hanley & Belfus, Inc; 2002:231-5.
Ruburg FL, Leooplold JA, Loscalzo J. Atheothrombosis: plaque instability and thrombogenesis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2002;44(5):381-94.
Sasazuki S, Kodama H, Yoshimasu K et al. Relation between green tea consumption and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis among Japanese men and women. Ann Epidemiol. 2000;10:401-8.
Scanu AM. Lipoprotein(a) and the atherothrombotic process: mechanistic insights and clinical implications. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2003;5(2):106-13.
Schulman SP, Becker LC, Kass DA, et al. L-Arginine therapy in acute myocardial infarction. The Vascular Interaction With Age in Myocardial Infarction (VINTAGE MI) randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2006;295(1):58-64.
Shah SH, Newby LK. C-reactive protein: a novel marker of cardiovascular risk. Cardiol Rev. 2003;11(4):169-79.
Shechter M. Does magnesium have a role in the treatment of patients with coronary artery disease? Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2003;3(4):231-9.
Sheps DS, Freedland KE, Golden RN, et al. ENRICHD and SADHART: implications for future biobehavioral intervention efforts. Psychosom Med. 2003;65(1):1-2.
Simon JA, Murtaugh MA, Gross MD, Loria CM, Hulley SB, Jacobs DR Jr. Relation of ascorbic acid to coronary artery calcium: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159(6):581-8.
Singh RB, Neki NS, Kartikey K, et al. Effect of coenzyme Q10 on risk of atherosclerosis in patients with recent myocardial infarction. Mol Cell Biochem. 2003;246(1-2):75-82.
Sobczak AJ. The effects of tobacco smoke on the homocysteine level – a risk factor of therosclerosis. Addict Biol. 2003;8(2):147-58.
Soltero-Perez IF. Thinking intelligently about therapy of atherosclerosis. Am J Ther. 2003;10(6):429-37.
Spigelski D, Jones PJ. Efficacy of garlic supplementation in lowering serum cholesterol levels. Nutr Rev. 2001;59(7):236-41.
Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, Rimm EB, Willett WC. Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. NEJM. 2000;343(1):16-22.
Stevinson C, Pittler MH, Ernst E. Garlic for treating hypercholesterolemia. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133(6):420-9.
Strike PC, Steptoe A. Psychosocial factors in the development of coronary artery disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2004;46(4):337-47.
Study of the Effectiveness of Additional Reductions in Cholesterol and Homocysteine (SEARCH) Collaborative Group, Armitage JM, Bowman L, Clarke RJ, Wallendszus K, Bulbulia R, Rahimi K, Haynes R, Parish S, Sleight P, Peto R, Collins R. Effects of homocysteine-lowering with folic acid plus vitamin B12 vs placebo on mortality and major morbidity in myocardial infarction survivors: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2010;303(24):2486-94.
Sung J, Han KH, Zo JH, Park HJ, Kim CH, Oh B-H. Effects of red ginseng upon vascular endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension. Am J Chin Med. 2000;28(2):205-16.
Superko HR, Krauss RM. Garlic powder, effect on plasma lipids, postprandial lipemia, low-density lipoprotein particle size, high-density lipoprotein subclass distribution and lipoprotein(a). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35(2):321-6.
Tarantini G, Scrutinio D, Bruzzi P et al. Metabolic Treatment with L-Carnitine in Acute Anterior ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. A Randomized Controlled Trial. Cardiology. 2006 May 9 [Epub ahead of print].
Tokmakidis SP, Volaklis KA. Training and detraining effects of a combined-strength and aerobic exercise program on blood lipids in patients with coronary artery disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2003;23(3):193-200.
Tousoulis D, Davies G, Stefanadis C, Toutouzas P, Ambrose JA. Inflammatory and thrombotic mechanisms in coronary atherosclerosis. Heart. 2003;89(9):993-7.
Trichopoulou A, Bamia C, Norat T, Overvad K, Schmidt EB, Tjønneland A, et al. Modified Mediterranean diet and survival after myocardial infarction: the EPIC-Elderly study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2007 Oct 10; [Epub ahead of print]
Vaes LP, Chyka PA. Interactions of warfarin with garlic, ginger, ginkgo, or ginseng: nature of the evidence. Ann Pharmacother. 2000;34(12):1478-82.
Valgimigli M, Merli E, Malagutti P, et al. Endothelial dysfunction in acute and chronic coronary syndromes: evidence for a pathogenetic role of oxidative stress. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2003;420(2):255-61.
Vermeulen EGJ, Stehouwer CDA, Twisk JWR, et al. Effect of homocysteine-lowering treatment with folic acid plus vitamin B6 on progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2000;355:517-22.
Watkins LL, Schneiderman N, Blumenthal JA, et al. Cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression are associated with medical comorbidity in patients after acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2003;146(1):48-54.
Yeh ET, Palusinski RP. C-reactive protein: the pawn has been promoted to queen. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2003;5(2):101-5.
Yokoyama M, Origasa H, Matsuzaki M, et al. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis. Lancet. 2007;369:1090-8.
Yologlu S, Sezgin AT, Ozdemir R, et al. Identifying risk factors in a mostly overweight patient population with coronary artery disease. Angiology. 2003;54(2):181-6.
Zambón D, Sabate J, Munoz S, et al. Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat improves the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic men and women. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:538-46.