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Small bowel bacterial overgrowth

Definition

Small bowel bacterial overgrowth is a condition in which very large numbers of bacteria grow in the small intestine.

Causes

Most of the time, unlike the large intestine, the small intestine does not have a large number of bacteria. Excess bacteria in the small intestine may use up the nutrients needed by the body. As a result, a person may become .

The breakdown of nutrients by the excess bacteria can also damage the lining of the small intestine. This can make it even harder for the body to absorb nutrients.

Conditions that can lead to overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestine include:

  • Complications of diseases or surgery that create pouches or blockages in the small intestine. is one of these conditions.
  • Diseases that lead to decreased movement of the small bowel, such as and .
  • Immunodeficiency, such as or immunoglobulin deficiency.
  • caused by surgical removal of the small intestine.
  • Small bowel diverticulosis, in which small, or, at times, large sacs occur in the wall of the intestine. These sacs allow too many bacteria to grow.
  • Surgical procedures that create a loop of small intestine where excess bacteria can grow. An example is a Billroth II type of stomach removal ().
  • Some cases of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

    • Symptoms

    The most common symptoms are:

  • Abdominal fullness
  • Abdominal pain and cramps
  • Bloating
  • Diarrhea (most often watery)
  • Gassiness

    • Other symptoms may include:

  • Fatty stool
  • Weight loss

    • Exams and Tests

    Your health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask about your medical history. Tests may include:

  • Blood chemistry tests (such as albumin level)
  • Complete blood count ()
  • Small intestine
  • Vitamin levels in the blood
  • Small intestine biopsy or culture
  • Special breath tests

    • Treatment

    The goal is to treat the cause of the bacterial overgrowth. Treatment may include:

  • Antibiotics
  • Medicines that speed intestinal movement
  • Intravenous (IV) fluids
  • Nutrition given through a vein (total parenteral nutrition or TPN) in a malnourished person

    • A lactose-free diet can be helpful.

    Possible Complications

    Severe cases lead to malnutrition. Other possible complications include:

  • Excess bleeding or other problems due to vitamin deficiency
  • or
  • Inflammation of the intestine

    • References

    Lacy BE, DiBaise JK. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 105.

    Semrad CE. Approach to the patient with diarrhea and malabsorption. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 126.

    Schedule An Appointment

    Contact Atlanta Obsetrics and Gynaecology at The Womens Center Millennium Hospital - 404-ATL-BABY

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    Review Date: 5/14/2024

    Reviewed By: Jenifer K. Lehrer, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, Aria - Jefferson Health Torresdale, Jefferson Digestive Diseases Network, Philadelphia, PA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.