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Esophageal spasm

Definition

Esophageal spasms are abnormal contractions of the muscles in the esophagus, the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. These do not move food effectively to the stomach.

Causes

The cause of esophageal spasm is unknown. Very hot or very cold foods may trigger spasms in some people.

Symptoms

Symptoms may include:

  • or pain with swallowing
  • or upper abdomen

    • It can be hard to tell a spasm from pectoris, a symptom of heart disease. The pain may spread to the neck, jaw, arms, or back

    Exams and Tests

    Tests you may need to look for the condition include:

  • (EGD)
  • Esophagogram (barium swallow x-ray)

    • Treatment

    Nitroglycerin given under the tongue (sublingual) may help a sudden episode of esophageal spasm. Long-acting nitroglycerin and calcium channel blockers are also used for the problem.

    Long-term (chronic) cases are sometimes treated with low-dose antidepressants such as trazodone or nortriptyline to reduce symptoms.

    Rarely, severe cases may need dilation (widening) of the esophagus or surgery to control symptoms.

    Outlook (Prognosis)

    An esophageal spasm may come and go (intermittent) or last for a long time (. Medicine can help relieve symptoms.

    Possible Complications

    The condition may not respond to treatment.

    When to Contact a Medical Professional

    Contact your health care provider if you have symptoms of esophageal spasm that don't go away. The symptoms may actually be due to heart problems. Your provider can help decide if you need heart tests.

    Prevention

    Avoid very hot or very cold foods if you get esophageal spasms.

    References

    Falk GW, Katzka DA. Diseases of the esophagus. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 129.

    Pandolfino JE, Kahrilas PJ. Esophageal neuromuscular function and motility disorders. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 44.

    Schedule An Appointment

    Contact Atlanta Obsetrics and Gynaecology at The Womens Center Millennium Hospital - 404-ATL-BABY

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    Review Date: 11/3/2022

    Reviewed By: Michael M. Phillips, MD, Emeritus Professor of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.