Amebiasis
Definition
Amebiasis is an infection of the intestines. It is caused by the microscopic parasite Entamoeba histolytica.
Causes
E histolytica can live in the large intestine (colon) without causing damage to the intestine. In some cases, it invades the colon wall, causing , acute dysentery, or long-term (chronic) diarrhea. The infection can also spread through the bloodstream to the liver. In rare cases, it can spread to the lungs, brain, or other organs.
This condition occurs worldwide. It is most common in tropical areas that have crowded living conditions and poor sanitation. Africa, Mexico, parts of South America, and India have major health problems due to this condition.
The parasite may spread:
Risk factors for severe amebiasis include:
In the United States, amebiasis is most common among those who live in institutions or people who have traveled to an area where amebiasis is common.
Symptoms
Most people with this infection do not have symptoms. If symptoms occur, they are seen 7 to 28 days after being exposed to the parasite.
Mild symptoms may include:
Severe symptoms may include:
Exams and Tests
The health care provider will perform a physical exam. You will be asked about your medical history, especially if you have recently traveled overseas.
Examination of the abdomen may show or tenderness in the abdomen (typically in the right upper quadrant).
Tests that may be ordered include:
Treatment
Treatment depends on how severe the infection is. Usually, antibiotics are prescribed.
If you are vomiting, you may be given medicines through a vein () until you can take them by mouth. Medicines to stop diarrhea are usually not prescribed because they can make the condition worse.
After antibiotic treatment, your stool will likely be rechecked to make sure the infection has been cleared.
Outlook (Prognosis)
Outcome is usually good with treatment. Usually, the illness lasts about 2 weeks, but it can come back if you do not get treated.
Possible Complications
Complications of amebiasis may include:
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Contact your provider if you have diarrhea that does not go away or gets worse.
Prevention
When traveling in countries where sanitation is poor, drink purified or boiled water. Do not eat uncooked vegetables or unpeeled fruit. Wash your hands after using the bathroom and before eating.
References
Petri WA, Haque R, Moonah SN. Entamoeba species, including amebic colitis and liver abscess. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 272.
Salvana EMT, Salata RA. Amebiasis. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 307.
Review Date: 9/10/2022
Reviewed By: Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Associate Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
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