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Virilization

Definition

Virilization is a condition in which a female develops characteristics associated with male hormones (androgens), or when a newborn has characteristics of male hormone exposure at birth.

Information

Virilization may be caused by:

  • Excess testosterone production
  • Use of anabolic steroids (performance-enhancing or related to gender reassignment)

    • In newborn boys or girls, the condition may be caused by:

  • Certain medicines taken by the mother during pregnancy
  • in the baby or the mother
  • Other medical conditions in the mother (such as tumors of the ovaries or adrenal glands that release male hormones)

    • In girls who are going through puberty, the condition may be caused by:

  • Certain medicines, or anabolic steroids
  • Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
  • Tumors of the ovaries, or adrenal glands that release male hormones (androgens)

    • In adult women, the condition may be caused by:

  • Certain medicines, or anabolic steroids
  • Tumors of the ovaries or adrenal glands that release male hormones

    • Signs of virilization in a female often depend on the level of testosterone in the body.

    Low level (common):

  • Thick, dark facial hair in the beard or mustache area
  • Increase in body hair
  • Oily skin or acne
  • Irregular menstrual periods

    • Moderate level (uncommon):

  • Male-pattern baldness
  • Loss of female fat distribution
  • Decreased breast size

    • High level (rare):

  • Enlargement of the clitoris
  • Deepening of the voice
  • Male muscle pattern

    • Tests may include:

  • Blood tests to detect excess testosterone or other androgen hormones in females
  • CT scan, MRI, or ultrasound to rule out tumors of the ovaries and adrenal glands

    • If virilization is caused by exposure to androgens (male hormones) in female adults, many of the symptoms go away when the hormones are stopped. However, deepening of the voice is a permanent effect of exposure to androgens.

    References

    Styne DM. Physiology and disorders of puberty. In: Melmed S, Auchus RJ, Goldfine AB, Koenig RJ, Rosen CJ, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 14th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 26.

    White PC. Sexual development and identity. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 220.

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    Contact Atlanta Obsetrics and Gynaecology at The Womens Center Millennium Hospital - 404-ATL-BABY

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    Review Date: 4/27/2023

    Reviewed By: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Clinical Professor, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.