Hypothalamus

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Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is an area of the brain that produces hormones that regulate:

Body temperature
Heart rate
Hunger
Mood
Release of hormones from many glands, especially the pituitary gland
Sex drive
Sleep
Thirst

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HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASE

Hypothalamic dysfunction can occur as a result of diseases, including:

Genetic causes (often present at birth or during childhood)
Infection or inflammation
Injury as a result of trauma, surgery or radiation

SYMPTOMS OF HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASE

Because the hypothalamus regulates so many different functions, hypothalamic disease can have many different symptoms, depending on the cause. The most common symptoms are:

Increased appetite and rapid weight gain
Extreme thirst and frequent urination (diabetes insipidus)
Low body temperature
Slow heart rate

References

Christian HC. Anatomy and physiology of the hypothalamus and pituitary. In: Robertson RP, ed. DeGroot's Endocrinology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 13.

Hafida S, Apovian CM. Obesity and neuroendocrine control of energy stores. In: Melmed S, Auchus RJ, Goldfine AB, Rosen CJ, Kopp PA, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 15th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2025:chap 40.

Weiss RE. Neuroendocrinology and the neuroendocrine system. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 204.

Review Date: 4/24/2025

Reviewed By: Sandeep K. Dhaliwal, MD, board-certified in Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Springfield, VA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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